intracellular second messengers การใช้

Originally thought as an intracellular second messenger, it was discovered to be an extracellular ligand for G protein-coupled receptor S1PR1 in 1998.
Follicular development is directly under gonadotropins control, LH and FSH . These use cAMP as an intracellular second messenger, with growth factors and cytokines also influencing their development in vivo.
However, as would be expected given its antagonistic effect on glycogen synthesis, glucagon and its intracellular second messenger cAMP suppresses glucokinase transcription and activity, even in the presence of insulin.
These receptors generally function via intracellular second messengers, including cyclic AMP ( cAMP ), cyclic GMP ( cGMP ), inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate ( calcium ( Ca 2 + )-calmodulin system.
With the exception of the 5-HT 3 receptor, a ligand-gated ion channel, all other serotonin receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that activate an intracellular second messenger cascade to produce an excitatory or inhibitory response.